RAPE AND SEXUAL ABUSE OF MINORS: CAUSES, EFFECTS AND PREVENTION
RAPE AND SEXUAL ABUSE OF
MINORS: CAUSES, EFFECTS AND PREVENTION
OUTLINE
1.0.Introduction
2.0.Conceptual
clarifications
2.1.Man
2.2.Sexuality
2.3.Sexual
orientation
2.4.Sexual
conduct
2.5.Minors
3.0.Man
and his sexuality
4.0.Sexual
misconduct
4.1.Causes
of Sexual Abuse
4.2.Effect
Of Sexual Abuse
4.3.Statistics
of Cases of Sexual Abuse
4.4.Prevention
of Sexual Abuse
5.0.The
church on sexual abuse
5.1.
Explaining the Divergence
6.0.Recommendation
and Conclusion
1.0.Introduction
Rape and sexual abuse of minors has
turn out to be a disease that the whole world is dealing with. It is found in
the church, schools, workplaces, entertainment industries, and indeed almost
everywhere including prisons. The victims of this cruelty are so wounded that
some find it difficult to make it to survival state, or worst still, some
become the perpetrators of the same cruelty they were victims of. Sexual abuse
affects different aspects of human life; ranging from the spiritual, to the
physical and to the biological and psychological.
Therefore, it is our sole aim in this
work to examine and present different aspects of sexual abuse.
Methodologically, we shall start with the clarification of some key concepts,
after which we look into man and his sexuality. Then we shall proceed to sexual
misconduct, while presenting the causes, effects, statistics, and prevention.
Lastly we shall look at how the church has been coping with sexual abuses,
after which we make some recommendations and draw a conclusion.
2.0.Conceptual
Clarification
In this section, we shall clarify
some terms employed in this work and also state the sense in which these words
are used. These concepts are as follows:
2.1.Man
Aristotle in his Metaphysics, describes man as a composite being; comprising of
matter and form. By virtue of this, some would say that the term “man” connotes
“complexity.” Thomas Aquinas posits that “A person is an individual substance
of a certain nature, namely rational, which nature accounts for the form or
specific difference of the particular substance.”[1] According to Karl Marx,
man is a knowable entity which can be defined socially, psychologically,
physically, anatomically, biologically and so on.[2] In this paper we shall be
looking at man from the biological and psychological aspects.
2.2.Sexuality
Sexuality is a
very important and controversial aspect of human life. It encompasses sex,
gender identities and roles, sexual orientation, eroticism, pleasure, intimacy
and reproduction. Sometimes, some persons understand sexuality as a negative
aspect of the human person, but in this paper and indeed beyond this paper,
sexuality is to be understood as part of the natural endowment of the human
person.
2.3.Sexual Orientation
This is the domain in which human
sexuality is expressed; it could be romantic, emotional, and sensual. People's sexual orientation also deals with emotional and sexual
attraction to particular sexes or genders. The particular orientation
one trails determines his sexual identity. The three most commonly discussed
categories of sexual orientation are; heterosexuality (attraction to members of
the opposite sex), homosexuality (attraction to members of the same sex), and
bisexuality (attraction to members of either sex). However, they are by no means the only
categories in the world of sexual identification labels.
2.4.Sexual Control
This has to do with what one does when sexually aroused.
It requires thorough understanding, a lot of patience, internal steadiness, and
most importantly, a firm commitment to keep to this goal, maybe because of
one’s vocation, career or choice of lifestyle.
2.5.A Minor
A minor is a
person under the age of full legal responsibility, or someone who has not yet
reached the age when they are legally, religiously, socially, psychologically,
emotionally and in all verification an adult. Traditionally, a minor was
someone below 21years, but now it is a person below 18years. Hence, in this
paper we shall be using 18years as the maximum age for minors.
3.0.MAN AND HIS SEXUALITY
Sexuality
is much more than body parts and sex (though it includes these things); it includes
our gender identity (the core sense that we are female or male), our gender
role (the idea of how one should behave because one is a female or male), and
our sexual orientation (heterosexual, homosexual, or bisexual), how we feel
about our bodies. Sexuality also includes our sexual experiences, thoughts,
ideas, and fantasies. It includes the way in which the media, family, friends,
religion, age, life goals, and our self-esteem shape our sexual selves, and how
we experience intimacy, touch, love, compassion, joy, and sorrow. “Sexuality is
expressed in the way we speak, smile, stand, sit, dress, dance, laugh, and
cry.”[3]
Nevertheless,
sexuality does not suddenly emerge at puberty, that is, it is not born of
glandular change or the ability to reproduce. Sexuality is the quality of
living as a sexually motivated being.[4] In a wider sense, “sexuality” describes the
way a person goes about expressing himself as a sexual being, how one chooses
to express that sexuality, and any preference one may have towards the type of
sexual partner one chooses. The way we choose to behave as sexual beings is as
individuated and complicated as the way we choose to dress or earn a living.
Human sexuality rarely falls into neat categories or lends itself to simple labeling,
but rather it is a rich and complex area of human experience.[5]
Furthermore, many theories have been put
forward to answer the question: why does people's sexuality differ? Answers
have been proffered which range from citing genetic pre-determination, to
childhood influences, and to peer-pressure. However, attempts to find a single
cause for an individual’s sexuality and sexual orientation or to influence or
change an individual’s sexuality have not been successful. Like many of our
other characteristics, sexuality seems to be largely a chance product of one’s
unique nature, which is then further developed by our early interactions. Our
sexuality seems to be formed by the time we reach our teens—although it may be
many years later before we come to understand and accept our sexuality, which
seems resistant to attempts to radically alter it.[6]
Interestingly,
sexuality begins before birth and is a lifelong learning process until we die.
Sexuality involves and is shaped by many things which cut across our life,
affecting our values, beliefs, attitudes, life goals, self-esteem shape and
even our identity. This is evidenced in what is prevalent in the western world,
where a person having homosexual tendency is out rightly termed a gay. This
blatantly affects their lives in all ramifications. On the other hand, proper
understanding and management of one’s sexuality (not reducing it to just sex),
fosters and encourages the development of good relationships throughout our
lives as sexual beings.[7]
4.0.SEXUAL MISCONDUCT
Sexual
misconduct is an encompassing term for any delinquency
of a sexual nature that is offensive.[8]
It includes sexual assault, sexual violence, rape, molestation, sexual
abuse, dating violence, domestic violence, stalking, sexual
harassment, gender-based harassment or discrimination. Sexual misconduct can
occur among or between heterosexual, lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender
individuals. Particularly, a normal sexual act can be termed as misconduct if
it happens in a situation that is normally non-sexual and therefore unusual for
sexual behavior or where there are some aspects of personal power or authority
that makes sexual behavior inappropriate.
Additionally, sexual misconducts involve
those acts that violate a person's personal boundary in the area of sexuality
and intimate personal relationships. In other words, it is often perpetrated
against an individual without his or her consent or where the power dynamics of
the relationship are being challenged in an effort to redefine the nature or
form of consent necessary in a given circumstance. The alleged misconduct can
be of various degrees, such as exposure, assault, aggressive come-ons,
pleading, or even inattentiveness to nonverbal cues of discomfort.[9] The US Justice Department considers sexual
assault “any type of physical sexual contact or behavior that occurs without
the explicit consent of the recipient.”[10]
But, making sexualized comments, or even exposing oneself, is not considered
sexual assault but sexual harassment; especially if it happens at work. However, “there is a lot of variation in
every state’s legal code on what sexual assault is,” said (Laura Palumbo),
communications director for the National Sexual Violence Resource Center;
whilst some states do not even call it sexual assault.[11]
Under federal law, sexual harassment is not a crime per-se, but it is
illegal in every state. It is a civil violation, a form of gender
discrimination prohibited by the Civil Rights Act of 1964. From the legal
viewpoint, sexual harassment is only prohibited in professional settings.
Catcalling or verbally harassing someone on the street is not against federal
law, though many states have
outlawed certain types of threatening behavior. The high courts have
defined two forms of sexual harassment that are illegal at work. In both, the
behaviour must be unwelcome to be against the law.[12]
The first and the most rampant is called Quid Pro Quo harassment, which involves
a person in a position of power demanding that a subordinate tolerate
harassment (like groping and sexual requests) to keep his or her job, or to get
a salary raise or other job benefits.[13]
The second form of illegal harassment is more subjective and somewhat creates a
hostile work environment for the victim. This is open to interpretation,
because there is no definition as to what makes harassment severe or pervasive
enough to create a hostile work environment. Instead, juries and judges are
supposed to consider how often the behavior happened, whether it was physical
or verbal, whether the perpetrator was a supervisor, whether more than one person
participated, and whether a reasonable person would view the behavior as
offensive.[14]
4.1.Some Causes of Sexual
Misconduct
A vital part of
understanding a social or moral problem, and a precursor to preventing it, is
an understanding of what causes it. Research on the causes of violence against
women has consisted of two lines of inquiry: firstly, examination of the
characteristics that influence the behaviour of offenders, and secondly
consideration of whether some women have a heightened vulnerability to
victimization. Many
theorists and researchers have sought to answer the question, “Why does this
particular man batter or sexually assault?” in several ways. Biologically,
the androgens in combination with a hormone from Sertoli cells, Müllerian
inhibitory hormone (MIH) cooperate to allow for movement of testes into the
scrotum. This leads to the production of sperm in which the body strives to
release. This however, can cause a higher desire for sexual act in the body.
More so, evolutionary theories of intra-psychic (from within the mind
or oneself) explanations focused on mental disorder or personality traits and
profiles as another cause of sexual assault.
Also, there are
models that highlight the socialization experiences that shape individual men
to be violent and indulge in sexual assault.[15]
Socially, there is the theory that those who have suffered from sexual assault
if not treated engage
in sexual misconduct. Nonetheless, socio-cultural analyses also explains
that the structural features of society at the level of the dyad, family, peer
group, school, religion, media, and state encourage male violence and maintain
women as a vulnerable class of potential victims.[16]
In light of this the Feminist explanations has stressed that the gendered
nature of violence against women has its roots in patriarchal social systems.[17]
4.2.Effects of Sexual Abuse
Sexual violence
unleashes several psychological, emotional, and physical effects on the victim.
These effects if not well handled are not always easy to deal with. These are
some of the effects
Depression - There are many emotional and
psychological reactions that victims of rape and sexual assault can experience.
One of the most common of these is depression.
Flashbacks - During
a flashback, memories of past traumas feel as if they are taking place in the
cure moment.
Post-Traumatic
Stress Disorder- After
a traumatic event, it is typical to have feelings of anxiety, stress, or fear,
making it difficult to adjust or cope for some time afterwards.
Self-Harm-Deliberate
self-harm, or self-injury, is when a person inflicts physical harm on himself
or herself, usually in secret.
Sexually Transmitted Infections-
A sexually transmitted infection (STI) is a bacterial or viral infection passed
from one person to another through vaginal, anal, or oral contact.
Substance Abuse
- If you are concerned that you’re using substances in a way that could be
harmful to your health or have concerns for someone you care about, consider
learning more about the warning signs and places to find support.
Dissociation
- Dissociation is one of the many defense mechanisms the brain can use to cope
with the trauma of sexual violence.
Pregnancy -
If you were recently raped, you may have concerns about becoming pregnant from
the attack.
Sleep Disorders
- Symptoms of sleep disorders can include trouble falling or staying asleep,
sleeping at unusual times of day, or sleeping for longer or shorter
than usual.
Suicide -
Suicide is preventable and suicidal thoughts aren’t permanent. If you are
thinking about suicide, there are resources to give you the support you need to
get through this tough time.
Adult Survivors of Child Sexual Abuse
- Many perpetrators of sexual abuse are in a position of trust or responsible
for the child’s care, such as a family member, teacher, clergy member,
or coach.[18]
4.3.Prevention of Abuse
Sexual abuse
perpetrated against Adults and Minors exploits and degrades them and can cause
serious damage to their cognitive, social, and emotional development.[19]
As a society, we have a collective responsibility to prevent sexual abuse. To
accomplish this, firstly we must initiate and support services and policies
that enhance minors (children) development. Secondly, we must promote research,
training, and public education to strengthen protective factors. Thirdly, we
must raise awareness of the unacceptability of child sexual abuse, and
promote the notion that stops child sexual abuse. Fourthly, we must educate the
public, especially policymakers, about the true nature of child sexual abuse.
We must not forget to rigorously evaluate and strengthen existing child sexual
abuse prevention programs; whilst exploring, evaluating, and strengthening new
approaches to preventing child sexual abuse. Finally, it is very important to
make mental health services available to all those affected by child sexual abuse.[20]
Statistics
of Sexual Abuse Cases
Sexual abuse has
been a topic of public concern for more than a decade. Due to low reporting
rates and different research methods many basic facts about this problem remain
obscured. Unfortunately, anyone can be a victim of sexual assault, though women
and children are more frequently victimized. The frequentness of sexual assault
goes far beyond the reported and recorded cases as we have today, with some
areas recording higher cases of sexual abuse than others.
Statistics on this shows that one in four girls and one
in six boys will be sexually abused before they turn 18years, 34% of people who
sexually abuse a child are family members.[21]
Also, 96% of people who sexually abuse children are male, and 76.8% of these perpetuators
are adults. Furthermore, 325, 000 children are at high risk of becoming victims
of commercial child sexual exploitation each year.[22]
Subsequently, these statistics may increase following the deterioration in
information gathering, the silence from victims and most of the cases reported
receive less than 2years sentence or no jail term at all. There are many cases
outside official statistics or sexual abuse but due to the secrecy, shame and
stigma that surround sexual abuse, many instances are never disclosed.
Accordingly, many researchers have undertaken intelligent methods to uncover
and gather information from adults. One of such intelligent way or probably the
best way to arrive at an estimated true story on the scope of the problem is by
asking adults about their childhood experiences.[23]
In the past decade, studies have been conducted in countries outside North
America, in Australia, Austria, Great Britain, New Zealand, Greece, Spain and
the Scandinavian countries. These studies reveal a distribution of similar
statistics with North America, ranging from 7% to 36% for women and 3% to 29%
for men. This means that women are more victimized than men. But one-third of
all victims which are boys and are given less attention and supervision
compared to the cases of women (girls).[24]
“In Washington DC
alone, one in 5 women and one in 71 men will be raped at some point in their
lives.”[25]
Subsequently, nearly 1 in 10 women has been raped by an intimate partner in her
lifetime through forced penetration, attempted forced penetration, or
alcohol/drug-facilitated completed penetration.[26]
It is sadly interesting to know that somewhere in America a woman is raped
every 2 minutes.[27]
Also, among college women, about 90% of rape and sexual abuse victims knew
their attacker prior to the assault. Sexual abuse also affects women with
developmental disabilities are abused at least twice the generation of women
and inmates in prisons.[28]
In Denmark and
Finland, 47% of women were said to
have suffered physical and/or sexual abuse; And 52 % of women in Denmark were
said to have suffered physical and/or sexual abuse. Finland was one of the last
countries in the EU to criminalize marital rape, making it illegal in 1994.[29] Sexual
abuse in sub-Saharan Africa is on the increase also. Children under the age of
15 resulting to 45% of them have been abused sexually in South Africa. Also in
Uganda, 49% of sexually active primary school girls have been sexually abused
too. This issue is not missing in Nigeria, Zimbabwe, Malawi, Kenya, and
Ethiopia experience high sexual abuse up to 15% 0f girls and a little less of
boys annually. [30]
Nonetheless,
sexual cases when brought to court attract a lot of money to the victims.
Approximately, in the U.S, each rape case costs $151,432. Consequently, every
year, rape and sexual abuse cost the U.S more than any other crime ($127
billion), followed by assault ($93 billion). [31]
5.0.THE CHURCH ON SEXUAL
ABUSE
Central theme in
the recent social scientific literature on Catholicism and sexuality is the
growing divergence between the official Church teachings on sexuality and the
beliefs and practices of the laity, particularly the United States of America
Catholic laity. The Church in her wisdom has never stopped curbing and mapping
out measures to curb this. She (the Church) condemns premarital and
extramarital sex, sexual abuse, masturbation, homosexual activity, lesbianism,
the use of condoms and artificial birth control, sterilization, abortion, and
in vitro fertilization. Catholic tradition considers these activities
objectively or intrinsically evil, meaning that in each and every context, no
matter the participants’ intentions or circumstances, these activities are
wrong.
At the same time that official church
pronouncements appear to be unbending on a host of sexual matters, the Catholic
faithful appear to be moving more and more in a direction opposite the official
teachings. As early as the 1980s, for instance, George Gallup Jr. and Jim
Costelli (1987) found Catholics in the United States of America dissenting from
official teachings on a host of sexual issues, particularly sexual abuse of
minors and premarital sex.[32]
However, there appears to be a divergence from these teachings of the Church on
human sexuality, thus resulting in sexual abuse among the faithful.
Rape and
sexual abuse also include sexual malfeasance; that is, any voluntary sexual
activity in which there is a breach of trust between clergy and congregant
within a professional relationship. This could include incidents in which the
congregant solicits the sexual attentions of the cleric. Because clergy have
more power in the helping relationship, they bear responsibility for the
congregant's welfare. The church considers all sexual activity for priests to
be sinful and immoral. More so, Pope’s
anti-abuse Commission helps to train new Catholic bishops. This was reported
following the outcome of the meeting held by members of the Pontifical Commission
for the Protection of Minors. Hence; they have been invited to address the
training for new Catholic bishops held at the Vatican. The plenary sessions
were the proceedings of the Congregation for the Evangelization of the Peoples
and Congregation for Bishops. They also addressed the Congregation for Clergy,
the Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy and the Congregation for Consecrated
Life. They have been grouped into working out on guidelines, healing and care,
education, formation, theology and spirituality, canonical and civil norms.
However, their resolutions are expected to be completed in three years time
following their established in 2015.[33]
5.1.Explaining the Divergence
Perhaps what best explains the growing
divergence between the Vatican and laity on attitudes of human sexuality is the
differing bases used by these parties in developing their sexual ethics and
moral reasoning. Over the last several centuries, the Magisterium of the
Catholic Church has based its moral reasoning on natural law ethics that began
with certain principles about humanity’s individual and social nature and then
proceeded deductively to arrive at truths with respect to certain sexual
behaviors. If according to natural law, human sexuality had as one of its chief
purposes the transmission of new life, then it followed logically that any
behavior that interfered with this function were objectively evil acts.[34]
6.0.CONCLUSION AND
RECOMMENDATION
In this paper, we have presented the
different aspects of rape and sexual abuse. We started with clarification of
concepts, then we moved to the study of man and his sexuality, we also looked
into other aspects of the topic like sexual misconduct, the causes, effects,
statistics and prevention. At the end we presented what the church holds with
regards to rape and sexual abuse.
Thus as a way of recommendation, we advise
that all and sundry desist from such acts. Moreover, celibacy, or abstinence
from all sexual contact, has always been valued by the Catholic Church. The New
Testament presents clear and consistent teachings that celibacy is the most
desirable response to human eroticism, and the Catholic Church continues to
teach that celibacy comes as a gift from God and is given to relatively few.
For much of the Church’s history, though, celibacy was optional for clergy.
However, Pope Leo at the First Lateran Council of 1123 declared all clerical
marriages in the Church invalid. From that time forward, all Catholic clergies
in the Western (Latin rite) tradition and all religious men and women who have
committed their lives to the Church by joining religious Orders are taught the
value of celibacy in their vocation, in order to devote their lives more fully to
the service of God and others. Although celibacy clearly retains some value
today, especially when viewed as a countercultural statement in a society that
appears sex-crazed, the practice of mandatory celibacy for Catholic priests has
come under increasing attack. Not only do the individuals who practice celibacy
find it increasingly difficult in today’s society, but many Catholics see it as
one of the major causes of the current priest shortage in the Catholic Church
in United States of America.[35]
Since
2002, all Catholic dioceses and eparchies in the United States have adopted and
published codes of pastoral conduct for priests, deacons and other ministerial
persons. In this same year, the media and law enforcement drew attention to an
Episcopal cover-up of clergy misconduct with minors. Because of intense media
scrutiny, the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops (USCCB) reluctantly
acknowledged their responsibility and promulgated the Charter for the
Protection of Children and Young People (USCCB 2002). This document requires
that all Catholic dioceses and eparchies publish codes of conduct for priests.
To comply with the demands of the document and because of continuous media
scrutiny, bishops quickly adopted codes of conduct for priests, employees and
volunteers. Similarly David Finkelhor examines
initiatives to prevent child sexual abuse, which have focused on two primary
strategies: (Offender management and School-based educational programs).
Offender management initiatives includes registering sex offenders, notifying
communities about their presence, conducting background employment checks,
controlling where offenders can live, and imposing longer prison sentences.[36]
Finkelhor
explains that school-based educational programs teach children such skills as
how to identify dangerous situations, refuse an abuser s approach, break off an
interaction, and summon help. The programs also aim to promote disclosure,
reduce self-blame, and mobilize bystanders. In the same light, Pope Francis has
set up a Commission for the prevention of sex abuse. According to an April 22,
2018, communiqué from the Commission, the first day of their plenary was
dedicated to hearing thoughts and testimonies from survivors of clerical sexual
abuse, many of them were members of the Survivor Advisory Panel, (SAP)
established in March 2014 by Pope Francis; and some were members of the
National Catholic Safeguarding (NCS) Commission of England and Wales. Beborah Kloos, a Canadian, and also a victim
of sexual abuse points out that the wounds of abuse affects survivors, thus
separating them from the Eucharist. She recounts of leaving the Church, for she
never heard the Church include in her prayer of the faithful the intention of
the victims of sexual abuse. Hence she pleaded with the Pope to ensure that
daily prayer is offered for the survivors of sexual abuse.[37]
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[1] Essay UK, Essay:
“Aquinas Understanding of Human person,” accessed April 27, 2018, http://www.essay.uk.com/essays/philosophy/essay-aquinas-understanding-of-the-human-person/
[2] Cf. Karl Marx, Marx’s Concept of Man (London: Library of Congress, 1961), pp. 22-23.
[3] William .C. Bier, The Adolescent: The Search for Understanding (New York: Fordham University Press,
1963), p. 34-36.
[4] Cf. William .C. Bier, The Adolescent: The Search for Understanding,
pp. 29-31.
[5] Cf. provincial Health
Services Authority: Ministry of Health, “More Than Just Physical Health,”
accessed April 27, 2018,
https//www.optionsforsexualityhealth.org/sexual-health/sexuality.
[6] Cf. Provincial Health
Services Authority: Ministry of Health, “More Than Just Physical Health,”
accessesed April 27, 2018,
https//www.optionsforsexualityhealth.org/sexual-health/sexuality.
[7] Cf. Sexuality Resourse
Center for Parent, “A Definition of Sexuality,” accessed April 27, 2018, www.srcp.org/for-all-parents/definition.html
[8] Len Sperry, Dictionary of Ethical Legal Terms and Issues (Routledge: Routledge
Press, 2007), p. 238-239.
[9] Len Sperry, Dictionary of Ethical Legal Terms and Issues,
p. 238-239.
[10] Cf. Alexia Fernandez
Campbell, “The Legal Differences Between Sexual Misconduct, Assault and
Harassment Explained,” last modified January 26, 2018, Accessed April 22, 2018,
https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2018/1/26/16901998/definitions-sexual-misconduct-harassment-assault
[Hereafter
this work shall be cited as Alexia Fernandez Campbell, “The Legal Differences
Between Sexual Misconduct, Assault and Harassment Explained.”]
[11] Cf. Alexia Fernandez
Campbell, “The Legal Differences Between Sexual Misconduct, Assault and
Harassment Explained.”
[12] Cf. Alexia Fernandez Campbell,
“The Legal Differences Between Sexual Misconduct, Assault and Harassment
Explained.”
[13] Cf. Alexia Fernandez
Campbell, “The Legal Differences Between Sexual Misconduct, Assault and
Harassment Explained.”
[14] Alexia Fernandez
Campbell, “The Legal Differences Between Sexual Misconduct, Assault and
Harassment Explained.”
[15] Cf. Stephen
Nussey and Saffron Whitehead, Endocrinology: An Integrated Approach
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002), p.1.
[16]Cf. Noam Shanpcer, “Why
do Men Sexually Assault Women?” Accessed April 25, 2018, https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/insight-therapy/201411/why-do-men-sexually-assault-women
[17] Cf. National Research Council, “3 Causes and Consequences of
Violence against Women,” Understanding Violence against Women
(Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 1996), P. 50.
[18] Rainn, “Effects of
Sexual Violence,” Accessed April 25, 2018, https://www.rainn.org/effects-sexual-violence
[19] Prevent Child Abuse
Nigeria, “Preventing Child Sexual Abuse”, Accessed April 25, 2018, http://preventchildabuse.org/resource/preventing-child-sexual-abuse/
[20] Prevent Child Abuse
Nigeria, “Preventing Child Sexual Abuse”, Accessed April 25, 2018, http://preventchildabuse.org/resource/preventing-child-sexual-abuse/
[21] National Sexual
Violence Resource Center, Child Sexual
Abuse Prevention: Overview, Retrieved from http:/www.nsvr.org. 2011.
[22] Cf. K McCurdy and D.
Daro Current Trends in Child Abuse
reporting and Fatalities. The Results of the 1993 annual Fifty-states survey
(Chicago: National Committee for Prevention of Child Abuse, April 1994), p. 56.
[23] Cf. D.E.H Russell, The Secret Trauma: Incest in the lives of
Girls and Women (New York: Basic Books, 1986), p. 58.
[24] Cf. D. Finkelhor and L.
Baron, High Risk Children: A Source Book
on Child Sexual Abuse (California: Sage Press 1991), pp 60-88.
[25] M. C. Black et.al, The National Intimate Partner Violence and
Sexual Violence Survey (2011), Retrieved from the Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention (2010).
[26] Cf. M. J. Breiding
et.al., Intimate Partner Violence in the
United States 2010.
[27] Cf. National Crime Victimization Survey from the
Department of Justice 2007.
[28]
Cf. D.
Sobsey, Violence and Abuse in the Lives
of People with Disabilities: The End of Silent Acceptance (Baltimore,MD:
Paul H. Brooks Publishing Co. Inc., 1994), p. 33.
[29] Cf. Ejaz Khan, “Top Ten
Countries With Maximum Rape Crime,” Accessed April 22, 2018,
https://www.wonderslist.com/top-10-countries-with-maximum-rape-crimes.
[30] Cf. A.C. Argent et.
Al., “Child Abuse Services at a Children’s Hospital in Cape Town, South Africa”.
Child Abuse and Neglect, 1995.
[31] Cf. A.C. Argent et.
Al., “Child Abuse Services at a Children’s Hospital in Cape Town, South Africa”.
Child Abuse and Neglect, 1995.
[32]Cf. Fox Thomas, Sexuality and Catholicism (New York: George Braziller, 1992), p.
27.
[33]Cf. Extra Ordinary
Assembly of the Synod of the Bishops on the Family, October 2014, @mazur
catholicnews.org.uk.
[34]Cf. Boswell John, Christianity, Social Tolerance, and
Homosexuality: Gay People in Western Europe from the Beginning of the Christian
era to the Fourteenth Century (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984),
p.108.
[35]Cf. Wallace, Laity: American and Catholic: Transforming the
Church (Kansas City: Sheed and Ward), p. 98.
[36]Cf.
David Finkelhor, A Sourcebook on Child
Sexual Abuse (Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage, 1986, as cited in Research Note:
Sexual Misconduct, Non-Sexual Touch, and Dual Relationships: Risks for Priests
in Light of the Code of Pastoral Conduct Author(s): Michael N. Kane Source:
Review of Religious Research, Vol. 48, No. 1 (Sep., 2006), pp. 105-110
Published by: Religious Research Association, Inc. Stable URL:
http://www.jstor.org/stable/20058121
Accessed:
25-04-2018 19:43.
[37]Cf. Elise Harris, Vatican City, April 23, 2018/07:00 pm (CNA/EWTN News).
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