SUMMARY OF INTRODUCTION TO LATIN
REVISION
ON LATIN ONE FOR 2014/2015 YEAR TWO PHILOSOPHY
1.
State and explain the Latin cases.
Latin
has six cases namely, nominative, vocative, accusative, genitive, dative and
ablative.
i.
Nominative case: it is the subject of a finite
verb in a given sentence. It has the following articles: a, an, the
ii.
Vocative case: it is a call, which usually
stands apart from the construction of the sentence with or without an
interjection. Vocative is virtually same, and has same ending with nominative.
iii.
Accusative case: it indicates direct
object of a transitive verb. It has the following articles: a, an, the
iv.
Genitive case: it expresses
possessiveness. Furthermore, genitive case is used to define or complete the
meaning of another Noun on which it depends. It is used with certain verb and adjective.
Its indicators are: of..., apostrophe s (i.e. ‘s) for singular, s apostrophe (s’) for plural.
v.
Dative case: it expresses the indirect
object. In English it is expressed with prepositions- to, for.
vi.
Ablative case: it indicates adverbial
phrases. it is commonly preceded by the prepositions- from, with, by.
2.
What is conjugation?
Conjugation is the
listing of a verb together with its forms, according to person, number, tense,
mood, and voice. PERSON: 1st person = the speaker(s), I, We; 2nd =
the person(s) spoken to, you; 3rd = the person(s) spoken about, he, she, it,
they. NUMBER: it expresses how many subjects, singular or plural. TENSE: it
shows the time of the action, Latin has six tenses, present, future, imperfect,
perfect, future perfect, and pluperfect. MOOD: it expresses the manner of
indicating the action or state of being of the verb; like English, Latin has
the indicative (which "indicates" facts) and the imperative (which
orders actions), introduced in this chapter, and the subjunctive (which
describes, in particular, hypothetical or potential actions). VOICE: an
indication, with transitive verbs (those that can take direct objects), of
whether the subject performs the action (the active voice) or receives it (passive).
3.
Write short notes on the following
i.
Active Voice: it expresses what the
subject of the verb is or does.
ii.
Passive voice: it expresses what is done
to the subject of the verb.
iii.
Subjunctive mood: it expresses
conditionality. It represents a verbal activity as willed, desired-
prospective.
iv.
Imperative mood: it expresses a command,
request or an entreaty.
4.
What is declension?
Declension
is a grouping of forms of nouns, adjectives and pronouns according to numbers-
singular and plural; according to cases namely, nominative, vocative,
accusative, genitive, dative and ablative; and according to gender – masculine,
feminine and neuter.
5. The
table below shows examples of nouns and their appropriate groups of declension
|
1st
Declension mostly feminine
|
2nd
Declension -us -er mostly male &
neuter
|
3rd
Declension
|
4th
Declension –us mostly masculine, -u = neuter
|
5th
Declension
|
|
Dea- goddess
|
Dominus (M)-
lord, master.
|
Dux(M)- leader
|
Manus (F) - hand
|
Dies (M)- day
|
|
Filia- daughter
|
Puer (M)- boy
|
Arbor (F) - tree
|
Cornu (N)- horn,
wing
|
Res (F)- thing
|
|
Aqua- Water
|
Magister (M) -
master, teacher
|
Corpus (N) -
body
|
Fructus- fruit
|
|
|
Puella- girl
|
Bellum (N)- war
|
Civis (M) -
citizen
|
|
|
|
Agricola (M) -
farmer
|
Regnum- kingdom
|
Navis (F)- ship
|
|
|
6. ADJECTIVE
|
1st
Declension
|
2nd
Declension
|
3rd
Declension
|
|
Bona - good
|
Parvum (n)-
small
|
Fortis- brave
|
|
Parva- small
|
Bonus- good
|
Acer- keen,
fierce
|
|
Magna- great
|
Magnus- great
|
Audax- bold
|
|
|
Malus- bad
|
Ingens- huge
|
7.
Decline the personal pronouns
Nom. Ego= I
nos= we tu= you (sing.) vos= you(pl.)
Acc. Me= me nos=
us te= you vos=
you
Gen. mei= of me
nostri= of us tui= of you vestri =
of you
Dat. Mihi= for/to me nobis= for/to us tibi= for/to you vobis= for/to you
Abl. Me= from/by/with me nobis= from/by us tibi= from/by/with you vobis= from you
Nom. Is= he or that ea= she or that id= it
or that
Acc. Eum= him or that eam= her or that id= it or
that
Gen. eius= of him or that eius= of her or that eius= of it or that
Dat. Ei= for/to him ei= for/to her or that ei= for/to it or that
Abl. Eo= from/by/with him ea= from/by/with her or that eo= from/by/with it or that
M F N
Nom. Ei= they or those eae= they or those ea= they or those
Acc. Eos= them or those eas= them or those ea= them or those
Gen. eorum= of them or those
earum= of them or those eorum= of them or those
Dat. Eis= for/to them or those eis=
for/to them or those eis= for/to
them or those
Abl. Eis= from/by/with
them eis= from/by/with them
eis= from/by/with them
8.
How many groups of conjugation are there
in Latin?
There are four groups of
conjugation. They are tabulated below.
|
First
group
|
Second
group
|
Third
group
|
Fourth
group
|
|
Laudare-
to praise
|
Monere-
to warn, to advise
|
Ducere-
to lead
|
Audire-
to hear
|
|
Salvare-
to call
|
Habere-
to have, consider, hold
|
Capere-
to take
|
Servire-
to serve
|
|
Intrare-
to enter
|
|
Mittere-
to send
|
|
|
Dare-
to give
|
|
Dicere-
to say, tell
|
|
|
|
|
Convertere-
to convert
|
|
9.
Complete the following adjectives in their
comparative and superlative forms. Let the superlative be in masculine gender.
Positive Comparative Superlative
Longus- long longior - longer longissimus-
longest
Fortis- brave fortior- braver fortissimus- bravest
Miser- wretched miserior- more wretched miserrimus- most wretched
Pulcher- beautiful pulchrior- more beautiful Pulcherrimus- most beautiful
Facilis- easy facilior- easier facillimus- easiest
Bonus- good` melior- better optimus- best
Malus- bad pejor- worse pessimus- worst
Magnus- great major- greater maximus- greatest
Parus- small minor- smaller minimus - smallest
Multus- much plus- more plurimus- most
Take
note of Irregular verbs: to be, to go, to be able
May
St Thomas Aquinas obtain for us the gift of divine wisdom. Amen.
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