THE PROBLEM OF PROMISCUITY: HEALTH AND MORAL IMPLICATIONS
THE
PROBLEM OF PROMISCUITY: HEALTH AND MORAL IMPLICATIONS
TABLE
OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT
Promiscuity,
is the practice of having casual sex recurrently with
different partners or being indiscriminate in the choice of sexual
partners. It is claimed to be an early state of human society (as postulated by
19th-century anthropologists) characterized by the absence of the institution
of marriage in any form and in which women were the common property of their
tribe and in which children never knew who their fathers were. However, in
today’s society, it infringes on the
principles that guard what is good and bad. Hence it has deceived a whole generation into living a relativism of
self-gratification and self-indulgence that places pleasure before person,
appetite before love, selfishness before generosity and man before God.
Health-wise it has been the door way to many malfunctions of the body and
psychological disorders. For these reasons it poses great threats to human
welfare.
Key words: Promiscuity, problem, implications,
health, morality, hetaerism, indiscriminate, sexuality, sex, contraceptives,
sexual objectification, moral hazard, society.
INTRODUCTION
Far
too many of our youth and young adults have lost their basic moral foundations,
due to everyday erosion of their belief in truth and morality. Hence, such
habits as promiscuity are
in their zenith in our different societies and communities. Promiscuity,
therefore, is simply the practice of having casual sex recurrently
with different partners or being indiscriminate in the choice of
sexual partners.[1] It is often associated or
even synonymous with such words as wantonness, debauchery, dissoluteness,
profligacy and so on.[2] A term
with such a connotation is no doubt a problem- a difficulty that need to be
resolved or dealt with. Because, fuelled by the playboy philosophy and false
creeds of ‘if it feels good to you, do it’ and ‘go along to get along,’ it
has deceived a whole generation into living a relativism of self-gratification
and self-indulgence that places pleasure before person, appetite before love,
selfishness before generosity and man before God. Furthermore, aside these
moral concerns, it has posed before us, some serious health challenges that if
not addressed, like an epidemic it will consume many individuals in our todays’
modern society.
Consequently, it is our aim in this
paper to discuss the problem of promiscuity, its health and moral implications.
To do this we shall divide our work into five parts: First, we shall clarify
some terms and state how they are of concern to us. Secondly, we shall discuss
the problem of promiscuity and its possible causes. Thirdly, we shall look at
the health implications of promiscuity. Fourthly, we shall discuss the moral
implications of promiscuity and the Church’s positions on the issue. And then,
in the fifth part of our paper, we shall look at the Catholic Church and
promiscuity and then enumerate some solutions or recommendations that could
address this worldwide wildfire phenomenon of promiscuity and its implications.
1.0 CLARIFICATION
OF SALIENT TERMS
1.1 What
is promiscuity?
Promiscuity is “a state characterized by
indiscriminate couplings with multiple sexual partners”[3] where indiscriminate
refers to as “done at random or without careful judgment”[4]. The implication of this
definition is that promiscuity denotes consistency and constancy on one hand and
“more than one” sexual partner on the other hand. Hence a promiscuous person
consistently and constantly engages in sex with different persons
1.2 What is
Health?
Health refers to
“the condition of a person’s body and mind”.[5] Bircher sees health as “a
dynamic state of well-being characterized by a physical and mental potential,
which satisfies the demands of life relative to age, culture and personal
responsibility.”[6]
This definition by Bircher indicates that health is not a static state
vis-à-vis age, lifestyle, and personal responsibility. The World Health
Organization (WHO) sees it as “a complete state of complete physical, mental,
and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.[7] This shows that health
implies the act of right thinking devoid of dementia and being physically
sound, though these do not guarantee absence of infirmity.
1.3 What is Morals
or Morality?
Morality is
etymologically from the Latin moralis, literally meaning (‘manner, character, and proper
behaviour’). It is the differentiation of intentions, decisions and actions between those that
are distinguished as proper and those that are improper.[8] Morality,
or the practice of morally good action and appropriate actions is the routine
which embodies our efforts to become ever more truly and fully human, and to
live accordingly. In another way living morally is the expression of our desire
to live as full and authentic human being.[9] The word “true” is here
because there can be false notions of morality be fundamentally inhumane yet
popularly considered the norm. Consequently, in this paper we would determine
how promiscuity as a problem infringes on the principles that guard what is
good and bad and its resultant consequences.
2.0 THE PROBLEM OF
PROMISCUITY AND ITS POSSIBLE CAUSES
Promiscuity
is a problem because it has adverse effects and consequences on the populace.
It is now even more problematic because it is extensively spreading, becoming
the order of the day and in many senses even legalised in various societies of
the world because of these reasons.
2.1 Evolution and
Hetaerism
Aside
the Modern “misconceived” reasons for promiscuity, proponents of promiscuity
have always based their argument on evolution and hetaerism. They proposed that
promiscuity is inherently part of human civilization and history before it was
stripped away by religious restrictions and even civilization itself. So,
promiscuity according to them is not inhuman at all.
Evolutionary evidence of promiscuity: Evolutionary Psychologists propose that a
conditional human tendency for promiscuity is inherited
from hunter-gatherer ancestors.
Promiscuity increases the likelihood of having children, thus “evolutionary”
fitness. According to them, female promiscuity is advantageous in that it
allows females to choose fathers for their children who have better genes than
their mates, to ensure better care for their offspring, have more children, and
as a form of fertility insurance.[10] Male
promiscuity was likely advantageous because it allowed males to father more
children.
Hetaerism: Hetaerism
better known as Primitive promiscuity or original promiscuity was the unpopular
19th-century hypothesis that humans originally lived in a state of promiscuity
prior to the advent of society as we understand. Thus, Hetaerism is
a theoretical early state of human society (as postulated by 19th-century
anthropologists) which was characterized by the absence of the institution of
marriage in any form and in which women were the common property of their tribe
and in which children never knew who their fathers were.[11]
2.2 Male and
Female Promiscuity
The
words ‘womanizer’, ‘playboy’, ‘stud’, ‘player’, ‘ladies’ man’, ‘lady killer’,
and ‘rake’ may be used to refer to a man who has romantic affairs or
sexual relations, or both, with women, and who will not be monogamous.[12] Recent
studies which looked at the number of sexual partners in a lifetime, found 20%
of heterosexual men had only one partner, 55% had two to 20 partners, and 25%
had more than 20 partners.[13] General
Social Survey data indicates that the distribution of partner numbers
among exclusively homosexual male and exclusively heterosexual men is similar,
but that differences appear in the proportion of those with very high number of
partners, which is larger among gay men, but that in any case makes up a small
minority for both groups.[14]
The word “slut” has been used, often pejoratively, to
describe a sexually promiscuous woman.[15] A
recent research in 2002 estimated that 45% to 55% of married heterosexual women
engage in sexual relationships outside of their marriage. This same report
claims that Lesbians who had a long-term partner have fewer outside partners
than heterosexual women.[16]
2.3 Possible
Causes of Promiscuity
1)
Cultural Influence: Culture has influenced so many things in
our society and this does not exclude promiscuity. Various cultures and
traditional belief systems have to a large extent encouraged promiscuity in
their different communities. In these societies, even children are educated in
sexual matters in a manner, in which there is the likelihood to encourage
promiscuous lifestyle in the near future. An example of this can be seen in the
culture of the Mangaia people of New Zealand. For this people sex is essential
for both pleasure and procreation and is a principal interest and activity.[17]
The Mangaian boy at the
age of seven is taught how to masturbate and between the ages of nine and ten
begins the practice properly. At age 13, he undergoes the super incision ritual
(a slit is made on the top of the penis, along its entire length) and the
expert who performs the surgery gives him explicit sexual instruction. About
two weeks after the ritual, the boy has intercourse with an experienced woman
who provides him with skills in sexual intercourse. She specifically trains him
in restraint so that he can have simultaneous orgasms with his partner. The
same can be said of the Mangaian young girls. Mangaian parents encourage their
daughters to have sexual experiences with several men so that they can find a
marriage partner who is congenial. Boys aggressively seek out girls, typically
having coitus every night. The average boy may have ten or more sexual partners
before marriage.[18]
2)
Sexual Revolution: The Sexual revolution of the twentieth
century has contributed immensely to today’s problem of promiscuity. It is a
sudden proliferation of sexual activities, characterized by inculturation of
illicit sexual practices such as prostitution, homosexuality, contraceptive
sex, bestiality, anal and oral sex and the likes. In fact, sexual revolution is
that social movement that challenged traditional codes and modes of sexual
related behaviours and interpersonal relationships.[19] In this movement, there
was increment in acceptance of sex outside of traditional heterosexual,
monogamous relationships.[20] Consequently, in this
social ambiance, we can see thriving such a misdemeanour as promiscuity,
because, it “seems” there is no longer a general code as to what sexuality is
and how it should be employed.
3)
False Notions of Promiscuity: Some conceptions about
promiscuity might have been responsible for it, especially those found in
feminist world. One of such claims is that promiscuity provides an unparalleled
source of confidence for a woman operating in a male-dominated culture. This is
as a result that they are able to enthral men even in their most defenceless
moment (stripped in bed) - they claim this knowledge is transformative. Owing to
some of these views some feminists also claim it is a source of power. For
through promiscuous lifestyle the worth of men are sized.
3.0 HEALTH
IMPLICATIONS OF PROMISCUITY
From the first
section, we have seen that “health” involves both medical and psychological
dimensions and in what will follow, we shall look at the implications of
promiscuity from these two perspectives.
3.1 Medical or
Biological Consequences
1)
Diseases: Due to indiscriminate engagement in sexual
intercourse with different partners, one is in danger of being infected with
the following diseases and infections: 1) Gonorrhoea; this is a sexually
transmitted bacterial infection that if untreated may cause infertility. It is
often characterized by painful urination and abnormal discharge from the penis
or vagina. 2) Syphilis; this is a bacterial infection usually spread by sexual
contact that starts as a painless sore on the genitals, rectum or mouth which gradually
gives rise to rashes and the final stage can result in damage to the brain,
nerves, eyes or heart. 3) Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Acquired
Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS): HIV is a lentivirus that causes infection and
gradually advances to AIDS which is a condition in humans where progressive
failure of the immune system allows life-threatening opportunistic infections
and cancers to thrive.[21] As a result of the above
diseases, having a large number of sexual partners has been linked to poor
sexual health and decreased longevity. It is noteworthy that there are other
diseases associated with promiscuity we have not mentioned for want of space
and time. The list is almost inexhaustive.
2)
More Unwanted Pregnancies and Abortions: This is the
deliberate ending of a pregnancy at an early stage through medical operation
whether orthodox or unorthodox.[22] Promiscuity often result
to early or/and unwanted pregnancy and in order to avoid the complications or
responsibilities of pregnancy often terminates such a pregnancy. This in turn
can lead to several complications with the death of the person inclusive and
even the damage of the uterus. Sometimes it can cause some psychological
problems on some women, even though they may deny it.
3.2 Psychological Implications/Consequences
1) Psychosis: This
is a gross impairment in reality testing or loss of ego boundaries that
interferes with the capacity to meet the ordinary demands of life. It has
hallucination and delusions as symptoms. Hallucination is a sensory perception
in the absence of a corresponding external stimulus while delusions are fixed
false beliefs.[23]A
promiscuous person often holds assumptions for engaging in indiscriminate sex
even when presented with facts to show the dangers of such. Such a person may
not know that he/she is experiencing a psychological problem because he/she
sees reason in their views and gradually lose touch with reality and live in a
world of fantasies where their false beliefs are meaningful.
2)
Personality Disorder: This refers to problems with impulse
control and emotional regulation. Promiscuity often causes the anti-social
personality disorder which is characterized by a pervasive pattern of disregard
for the rights of other people that often manifests as hostility, aggression,
deceit and manipulation. A promiscuous person has a high tendency of being a
rapist and this he/she satisfies by violating other people. Such a person tries
to deceive and manipulate his/her unsuspecting victims and even when the
victims are aware and puts up any form of resistance, it may lead to their
being raped to the point of unconsciousness or death without any qualms of
conscience.
3.3 Effects of
Contraceptive Objects or Devices
Due to the risks involved in indiscriminate
sexual intercourse with regards to the medical consequences, most persons have
resolved to use contraceptives (such as condoms and pills) to prevent the
medical consequences, yet there are side effects.
1)
Oral Pills: these are taken mostly to prevent
pregnancy and obviously it does not prevent STIs and STDs. It may lead to
vaginal discharge and decreased libido, blood pressure, benign liver tumour,
cancer, heart attacks, and strokes.[24]
2)
Condoms: this is a barrier method of birth control that
prevents sperm from coming in contact with egg cells. The protection given by condom as evident on
the packs is less than 100% meaning that one can still be infected with STIs
and STDs. They are often made from latex which can trigger allergy in some
individuals.[25]
3)
Diaphragm: this is a shallow, dome-shaped rimmed cup that is
placed in the vagina to block the cervix with spermicide to prevent sperm and
egg from meeting. This can lead to urinary tract infections, vaginal irritation
ad pregnancy.[26]
4)
Nuva ring: It is a plastic ring is inserted into the vagina and
it releases hormones to suppress ovulation. It can lead to inter-menstrual
spotting, headache, reduced libido and pregnancy.
5)
Intrauterine Devices/IUDs: this is a small device made from
plastic and copper which is inserted into the uterus. Hormonal IUDs thicken the
cervical mucus and suppresses ovulation while non-hormonal IUDs produce an
inflammatory response in the uterus that is toxic to sperm. It may lead to
pregnancy, inter-menstrual spotting and irregular menses.[27] Every other protective
instruments is as less than 100% efficient and effective like the ones already
listed.[28]
4.0 MORAL
IMPLICATIONS OF PROMISCUITY
The principles of right and wrong have never been in such a quagmiry
situation in the history of man as it is in our today’s world. Morality has
been relativized to such an extent that conspicuous matters of ethical
judgement are clouded by perspectival prejudices, subject to debate, and even
in the least left for personal preference or “anything that feels good, do it.”
Even the Judeo-Christian tradition, which explained and gave purpose to life,
humanity and the world, has also been bombarded by a culture that perceives
truth as a matter of subjective taste or convenience, and morality as a matter
of individual preference (e.g.: pre-marital sex, cohabitation, same-sex
unions). Despite this trend, and in this kind of sexual aura, there are still
moral questions that promiscuity has raised and they need to be addressed.
4.1 Promiscuity
is a Rejection of Truth and Morality
One of the grounds that promiscuity has always thrived on, is
the argument that there is no universal standard of truth or morality. Hence, negotiability of everything in life
seems to be the pattern for this age. Personal experience is the measure used
for defining the certainty of anything by most of our deceived youth, for they
believe that truth is relative. Personal choice and tolerance have been
emphasized by our ‘culture of death society’ when it comes to respect for the
sanctity and dignity of life.[29] Incongruity
and confusion reign, with biblical values being interpreted subjectively. What
is wrong for one person is not perceived as being wrong for another. People
decide for themselves what is wrong or right for them. The transcendent has
been removed from the core or heart of western culture.[30] In
spite of these discrepancies, Francis Schaeffer gets to the root of the problem
when he explains how the finite is defined by the infinite, how God defines truth
as objective and absolute, hence he states: “If there is no absolute
moral standard, then one cannot say, in a final sense, that anything is right
or wrong. By absolute we mean that which always applies, that which provides a
final or ultimate standard”[31] There
must be an absolute if there are to be morals or real values. Otherwise, we are left, merely, with
conflicting opinions if there is no final arbiter between individuals and
groups whose moral judgements conflict. By implication, nothing is truth anymore
and morality has gone into extinction.
4.2 Promiscuity
is a means for the Sexual Objectification of Human Beings
Through promiscuity, human beings as it is, have been reduced
to instruments of sexual gratification- a mere object or tool. A tool only
useful for sexual acts. This is so, because it is the only reason that could be
drawn from the fact that people could jump from one sexual partner to another
and in a more frequent basis. Hence, this trend is nothing but sexual objectification, which is
the act of treating a person as a mere object of sexual
desire. Objectification in a broad sense, means treating a person as
a commodity or an object without regard to their personality
or dignity.[32] Sexual objectification
occurs when a person is identified by their sexual body parts or sexual
function. In principle, an individual loses their identity, and is recognized exclusively
by the physical characteristics of their body.[33]The
purpose of this recognition is to bring enjoyment to others, or to serve as a
sexual object for society.[34]Sexual
objectification can also ensue as a social construct among individuals. Promiscuity
which can lead to the degradation of the human body in this manner, operates in
such a way that it analyzes the human body as a mechanism through the loss of
the knowledge that the body has an intrinsic, personal meaning.[35] Such a
conception of the body has its own direct and indirect consequences: Indirect
consequences include self-consciousness in terms that a woman (for
instance) is unswervingly checking or rearranging her clothes or appearance to
ensure that she is presentable. Direct consequences on the other hand, are
related to sexual victimization which would include rape and sexual harassment.[36] This harassment
may constitute sexual jokes or comments, most of which are degrading.[37] Promiscuity
in a nutshell strips away the principle of human dignity.
4.3 Promiscuity
Damages the stability of the Society and Results in Moral Hard
Promiscuity not only affect the individuals
involved but its moral implications and consequences can affect a whole
society. The legacy of the 30 years of sexual revolution which is the genesis
of promiscuity as we have it today, has brought about more divorce, more
separations, more abortions, “a zero generation” of fatherless and often
alienated children.[38] Now, can we call a
society where these odious crimes (at least there are still those who see them
as such) are legalized and carried out easily, a stable society? How can it be?
We can imagine the number of people who work and toil in this kind of society
with hurtful feelings ensuing from a severed relationship with a spouse or
lover. We can also think about the number of single parents and the
consequences of raising children in this way. Some of the children end up being
burdens to the society- as some can become hoodlums. Furthermore, it has been argued that sex is widely seen as an activity which only
affects the couple involved, however, it has been found that sexual freedom has
significant costs which are “imposed on society as a whole”, representing
“a moral hazard which threatens both our economy and our society.”[39]
For instance, a culture of sexual license
and promiscuity in the UK is costing the taxpayer approximately £100 billion
per year, according to a research. The same can be said in almost every western
nation. The findings in this research, warns of a culture which “implicitly
views sexual freedom as a greater good than stability of relationship”,[40]
causing rising trends in abortion, teenage pregnancies and STI rates, all of
which cost the taxpayer large sums of money. “Our culture’s sexual freedom
comes with massive costs attached, accounting for a significant proportion of
public spending”,[41]
the report claims. This trend constitutes moral
hazard[42] because, the costs are met by society
collectively rather than by the individuals most directly involved in causing them.
This is a threat to every economy and society.
5.0 THE CATHOLIC CHURCH AND PROMISCUITY;
SOLUTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
The reason why promiscuity is today
a problem is because God and religious values have been stripped away from the
society. The greatest solution to this problem is going back to those values
especially as embodied in the magisterium of the Catholic Church, therein lies
remedy.
5.1 The
Church and Sexuality
Catholic sexual morality evaluates sexual
behaviour according to standards laid out by Catholic moral theology, and
often provides general principles by which Catholics are able to evaluate
whether specific actions meet these standards.[43] Much of
the Church’s detailed doctrines derive from the principle that
“sexual pleasure is morally disordered when sought for itself, isolated from
its procreative and unitive (between spouses) purposes.” (CCC. No. 2351) The
Church teaches that human life and human sexuality are inseparable.(CCC, nos.
2331-2400) Since Catholics believe God created human beings in
his own image and likeness and that he found everything he created to
be “very good,”(Gen. 1:31) by implication human body and sex must likewise be
good. Hence, the Church considers the expression of love between husband and wife to
be an elevated form of human activity, joining husband and wife in complete,
mutual self-giving, and opening their relationship to new life. The Church
teaches that sexual intercourse has a purpose; and that outside marriage
it is contrary to its purpose. Pope Paul VI wrote in Humanae vitae,
“The sexual activity, in which husband and wife are intimately and chastely
united with one another, through which human life is transmitted, is, as the
recent Council recalled, ‘noble and worthy.’” [44]
Furthermore, The
Church’s view about the body counteract social trends which view the body as an
object of pleasure or as a machine for manipulation. The Body shows us the call
and gives us the means to love in the image of God. The Human body, has,
according to St John Paul II, a specific meaning, making visible an invisible
reality, and includes from its inception the capacity of expressing love, that
love in which the person becomes a gift- and by means of this gift – fulfills
the meaning of man’s existence.[45]
Through promiscuity this maxim is violated.
5.2 Adherence
to Religious Principles
Religious principles of purity, abstinence, chastity and the
likes are great tools that can be used to respond to the problem of
promiscuity. The adherence to the above notions of the Catholic Church on
sexual matters can answer the consequences of promiscuity. Purity is an
indispensable tool and an attack on purity (in this matter) is an attack on the
domain of reason and its defence in the name of purely physical considerations
itself an attack on the humanity and freedom of man.[46] Hence,
adherence to this principles has also a sublime benefits.[47]
5.3 Family Education
Parents have the duty to
educate their adolescent females (and even males) about moral conduct
irrespective of the socio-economic status and about the dangers of HIV and AIDS
and how to prevent it from being transmitted from one person to another.
Parental involvement in the problem of promiscuity is very important as parents
form a primary and fundamental part of their children’s lives.[48]
A growing body of evidence cites family system as the centre of learning. The
family system theory suggests that individuals cannot be understood
independently of their family members since families are systems which are
interconnected and interdependent.[49]
Through family interactions, parents may have influence on child sexual
behaviour and in so doing transmit values, knowledge and attitudes about sex.[50]
5.4 Laws
of the Government as a Way Out
Since
the government sees to the welfare of the people by providing basic social and
infrastructural facilities for its citizens; they should formulate policies to
guide and direct the affairs of the state and the conduct of the citizens to
maintain law and order. The government
ought to assist religion to promote morality in the society and proscribe
avenues of immorality. The owners of taverns and places where promiscuous acts are promoted must
be liable to a fine or arrest when found selling and hosting minors in their
taverns, since at the pubs sex-trade is readily available. The sharia law of
Saudi Arabia is an example of this kind stratagem.[51]
CONCLUSION
Promiscuity is a problem that has come to stay. It escalates
as societies move away from the traditional and religious principles about
sexuality. And there is no better way it can be combated except through these
principles. Hence, we conclude this paper by the maxim; conjugal love for the
married, chastity for the celibates and for the youths self-control.
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DICTIONARIES
Harper Douglas English Etymology Dictionary (2012). s.v.
“Slut.”
Merriam Webster’s English Dictionary (2000). s. v. “Promiscuity.”
Oxford Advanced
Learner’s Dictionary (2010), 8th edition s.v. “Abortion.”
Oxford Advanced
Learner’s Dictionary (2010), 8th edition s.v. “indiscriminate.”
Oxford Advanced
Learner’s Dictionary (2010), 8th edition s.v. “Health”
Oxford English
Dictionary (2010), s. v. “Promiscuity.”
Segen’s Medical Dictionary (2011), 2nd
edition s.v. “promiscuity.”
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[3] Segen’s Medical Dictionary (2011),
2nd edition s.v.
“promiscuity.”
[4] Oxford Advanced Learner’s
Dictionary (2010), 8th edition s.v. “indiscriminate.”
[5] Oxford Advanced Learner’s
Dictionary (2010), 8th edition sv. “health”
[6] Bircher J, “Towards a Dynamic
Definition of Health and Disease”, MediHealth
Care Philos, vol.8, no.3, (March 2005), pp. 335-41.
[7] Ademola J. Ajuwon, “Overview of
Healthy Living”, in Georginia Odaibo (ed.), Reproductive
Health, STIs and HIVs (Ibadan: GSP University of Ibadan, 2017), p. 5.
[8] Cf. A. Long and N. Sedley, The Hellenistic Philosophers: Translations
of the Principal Sources with Philosophical Commentary (Cambridge:
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[9] Cf. Vincent
Genovesi, In Pursuit of Love: Catholic
Morality and Human Sexuality (Minnesota: The Liturgical Press, 1991), p.
17.
[10] Cf. Anthony Brown, “Women are promiscuous,
naturally: Some Scientist Now Believe Infidelity is a Genetic Mechanism for
Creation of Healthy Children”, The
Guardian Weekly; The Observer, 2002, p. 59.
[11] Bloch Iwan,
The Sexual Life of Our Time in its
relation to Modern Civilization Transl. by Eden Paul (Michigan: Allied Book
Company: 1928), pp. 188-194.
[12] Cf.
“Promiscuity,” Wikipedia, accessed May 1, 2018,
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promiscuity#cite_note-20.
[13] Cf. S.
N. Seidman and R. O. Rieder, "A review of Sexual Behaviour in the United States", Am
J Psychiatry, 1994, pp. 330–341.
[14] Cf. Tim Fisher, “A Response to David Glesne, Regarding
Promiscuity Statistics in the Context of his Book, Understanding Homosexuality,” Tripod, last modified November 1,
2006, http:
//timrfisher. tripod.com/dgstats.htm.
[16] Cf. Joan Atwood and Schwartz,
“Cyber-Sex: The New Affair Treatment Considerations”, Journal of Couple &Relationship Therapy vol. 1, no. 3 (March
2002), pp. 37-56.
[17] Cf. Harris, Helen. “Rethinking
Polynesian Heterosexual Relationships: A Case Study on Mangaia, Cook Islands” in William Jankowiak (ed)
Romantic Passion: A Universal Experience (New York: Columbia University Press,
1997), p. 162.
[19] Cf. David
Allyn, Make Love, Not War; The Sexual
Revolution: An Unfettered History (New York: Routledge, 2000), pp. 1-5.
[21] Cf. R.A Weiss, “How does HIV cause
AIDS”, Science, vol.260, no.5112,
(May 1993), pp. 1273-9.
[22] Cf. Oxford Advanced Learner’s
Dictionary (2010), 8th edition sv. “abortion”
[23] Diagnostic and Statistical Manual
of Mental Disorder s.v. “psychosis”
[24] Cf. Lori Smith, “Effects of
Contraceptive Devices,” Medical News Today,
last modified October 24, 2009,
http//www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/29016.php accessed 26/4/2018.
[27] Cf. Lori Smith, “Effects of
Contraceptive Devices,” Medical News Today.
[30] Cf. Jim Whalen, “Promiscuity: A
Rejection of Truth and Morality,” Faithful Catholics, last modified January 2,
2002,https://sites.google.com/site/faithfulcatholics/Home/living-the-gospel-of-life/articles/writings-of-father-jim-whalen/promiscuity-a-rejection-of-truth-and-morality.
[32] Cf. Kathleen Barry,
“Pornography: the ideology of cultural sadism”, in Kathleen Barry (ed.), Female
sexual slavery (New York: NYU Press, 1984), p. 247.
[33] Cf. Sandra Lee Bartky, “On
psychological oppression”, in Sandra Lee Bartky (ed.), Femininity and
Domination: Studies in the Phenomenology of Oppression. (New York:
Routledge, 1990). p. 26.
[34] Cf.
Linda LeMoncheck, “I only do it for the Money: Pornography, Prostitution, and
the Business of Sex”, in Linda LeMoncheck (ed.), Loose Women, Lecherous Men a Feminist Philosophy of Sex (New York:
Oxford University Press, 1997), p. 133.
[35] Cf. Michael Waldstein, A Theology of the Body: Translation,
Introduction, and Index (Boston, MA: Pauline Books & Media, 2006), pp.
17, 34-55, 94-99.
[36] Cf. Barbara Fredrickson and
Tomi-Ann Roberts, “Objectification theory: toward understanding women's lived
experiences and mental health risks”, Psychology
of Women Quarterly, vol. 21, no. 2, (June 1997), pp. 173-206.
[37] Cf. Christopher B. Doob, Social Inequality and Social Stratification
in US Society (New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc., 2013), p. 47.
[38] Cf. Kevin Ugwu,
The Sexual Revolution: A Twentieth
Century Mistake (Lagos: Criterion Publishers Ltd., 1999), p. 115.
[39] Guy Brandon, “Free sex: Who pays? Moral hazard and sexual ethics,” Jubilee
Centre, last modified January 12, 2012,
http://www.jubilee-centre.org/free-sex-who-pays/
[42] NOTE: Moral hazard is the risk that
a party to a transaction has not entered into the contract in good faith, has
provided misleading information about its assets, liabilities or credit capacity, or has an incentive to take
unusual risks in a desperate attempt to earn a profit before the contract
settles. It can be present any time two parties come into agreement with one
another. Each party in a contract may have the opportunity to gain from acting
contrary to the principles laid out by the agreement. SEE D Rowell and LB Connelly, “A
history of the term “moral hazard”” Journal of Risk and Insurance vol. 79 no.
4, (March, 2012), pp. 1051–75.; SEE ALSO Kenneth Arrow, “Uncertainty and the
Economics of Medical Care,” The American
Economic Review, vol. 53, no. 5, pp. 943-73.
[45] Cf. Sam Torode, Christopher West, and John Paul, Pope John Paul II's
Theology of the body in simple language (South Wayne: Philokalia Books,
2003), p. 29.
[46] Cf. W. Farrell, A Companion to the Summa (London: Sheed
and Ward, 1941), pp. 429-430.
[47]
Mary Adimonye, Is Chastity Still
Relevant? (Enugu: Snaap Press Ltd., 1997), p. 17.
[48] Cf. “Promiscuity,” Jashow, accessed
27th April, 2018,
https://www.jashow.org/articles/general/the-cause-and-cure-of-sexual-promiscuity/.
[49] Cf. S. M. Gavazzi, “Family Systems
Theory,” in S. M. Gavazzi, Encyclopedia
of Adolescence (New York: Springer, 2012 ), pp. 963-967.
[50] Cf. “Promiscuity,” Jashow, accessed 27th April, 2018,
https://www.jashow.org/articles/general/the-cause-and-cure-of-sexual-promiscuity/.
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